This essay and the others published on this website are intended to be read alongside and to complementthe collection of images on the Art of Making in Antiquity website.
A downloadable PDF version of this essay (version 1.0) is available here. To cite this esssay please refer to this PDF version.
Tools, toolmarks and technique:
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Architectural carving:
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Adam, J.-P. (1999). Roman building: materials and techniques. London.
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Sculptural carving:
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Sarcophagus carving:
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I?ik, F. (2007). Girlanden-Sarkophage aus Aphrodisias (Sarkophag-Studien 5). Mainz.
Koch, G. (1993). Sarkophage der römischen Kaiserzeit. Darmstadt.
Koch, G. (2000). Frühchristliche Sarkophage (Handbuch der Archäologie.) Munich.
Koch, G. and Sichtermann, H. (1982). Römische Sarkophage (Handbuch der Archäologie). Munich.
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Walker, S. (1990). Catalogue of Roman sarcophagi in the British Museum (Corpus signorum imperii Romani. Great Britain II/2). London.
Ward-Perkins, J. B. (1975-6). 'Workshops and clients: the Dionysiac sarcophagi in Baltimore', Atti della Pontificia Accademia romana di archeologia, Serie 3, rendiconti 48: 191–238.
Wiegartz, H. (1974). 'Marmorhandel, Sarkophagherstellung und die Lokalisierung der kleinasiatischen Säulensarkophage', in E. Akurgal and U. Bahadir Alkim (eds). Mansel’e arma?an / Mélanges Mansel (Türk Tarih Kurumu series VII, 60). 3 volumes. Ankara 1: 345–83.
Wurch-Ko?elj, M. and Ko?elj, T. (1995). 'Roman quarries of apse-sarcophagi in Thassos of the second and third centuries', in Y. Maniatis, N. Herz, and Y. Basiakos (eds). The study of marble and other stones used in antiquity: association for the Study of Marble and Other Stones used in Antiquity. International Symposium (3rd: 1993: Athens, Greece).London: 39–47.
Quarrying (selection only):
Bessac, J.-C., Abdul-Massih, J., and Vallat, Z. (1997). 'De Doura-Europos à Aramel: enquête ethno-archéologique dans les carrières traditionnelles de Syrie', in P. Leriche and M. Gelin (eds). Doura-Europos: études IV, 1991-1993 (Bibliothèque archéologique et historique 149). Beirut: 159–97.
Bruno, M. (2002). 'Considerazioni sulle cave, sui metodi di estrazione, di lavorazione e sui transporti', in M. De Nuccio and L. Ungara (eds). I marmi colorati della Roma imperial. Venice: 179–93.
Bülow-Jacobsen, A. (2009). Mons Claudianus. Ostraca graeca et latina IV: the quarry texts, O. Claud. 632-896 (Documents de fouilles de l'institut français d'archéologie orientale 47). Cairo.
Dolci, E. (1985-7). 'I marmi lunensi: tradizione, produzione, applicazioni', in Studi Lunensi e prospettive sull'Occidente romano. Atti del Convegno, Lerici, Settembre 1985. (=Quaderni (Centro Studi Lunensi) 10-12). 3 vols. 2: 405–63.
Fant, J. C. (2008). 'Quarrying and stoneworking', in J. P. Oleson (ed.). The Oxford handbook of engineering and technology in the classical world. Oxford: 121–35.
Forbes, R. J. (1963). Studies in ancient technology, vol. VII: ancient geology, mining and quarrying techniques. Leiden.
Herz, N. (1988). 'Classical marble quarries of Thasos', in G. A. Wagner and G. Weisgerber (eds). Antike Edel- und Buntmetallgewinnung auf Thasos (Der Anschnitt, Zeitshrift für Kunst und Kultur im Bergbau 6). Bochum: 232–40.
Hirt, A. M. (2010). Imperial mines and quarries in the Roman world: organizational aspects, 27 BC–AD 235 (Oxford classical monographs). Oxford.
Korres, M. (2000). ‘Υπ?γεια λατομε?α της Π?ρου’, in D. Schilardi, S. Katsarou, D. Kats?nopoulou, and C. M. Brenner (eds). Παρ?α λ?θoς. Λατoμε?α, μ?ρμαρo και εργαστ?ρια γλυπτικ?ς της Π?ρoυ. Πρακτικ? A' Διεθνo?ς Συνεδρ?oυ Aρχαιoλoγ?ας Π?ρoυ και Kυκλ?δων, Παρoικ?α, Π?ρoς 2-5 Oκτωβρ?oυ 1997=Paria lithos: Parian quarries, marble and workshops of sculpture. Proceedings of the first international conference of the archaeology of Paros and the Cyclades, Paros, 2-5 October 1997 (Αρχαιολογικης και ιστορικης μελετες 1=Archaiologik?s kai historik?s meletes 1=Archaeological and historical studies 1). Athens: 61–82.
Peacock, D. and Maxfield, V. (1997). Survey and excavation - Mons Claudianus, 1987-1993. Volume I: topography & quarries (Fouilles de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale 37). Cairo.
Pearson, A. (2006). The work of giants. Stone and quarrying in Roman Britain. Stroud.
Reade, J. (1990). 'Carrières et préfabrication dans le monde Neo-Assyrien', in M. Waelkens (ed.). Pierre éternelle du Nil au Rhin: carrières et prefabrication. Brussels: 45–52.
Rüger, C. B. (1997). 'Zu Marmorschalen in Chemtou', Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Römische Abteilung 104: 379–85.
Ruprechtsberger, E. M. (1999). Vom Steinbruch zum Jupitertempel von Heliopolis/Baalbek (Libanon) (Linzer archäologische Forschungen 30). Linz.
Schmidt-Colinet, A. (1990). 'Considérations sur les carrières de Palmyre en Syrie', in M. Waelkens (ed.). Pierre éternelle du Nil au Rhin: carrières et prefabrication. Brussels: 87–92.
Stanier, P. (2000). Stone quarry landscapes: the industrial archaeology of quarrying. Stroud.
Torelli, M. (1980). 'Industria estrattiva, lavoro artigianale, interessi economici: qualche appunto', in J. D’Arms and E. C. Kopff (eds). The seaborne commerce of ancient Rome: studies in archaeology and history (Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome 36). Rome: 313–23.
Waelkens, M., de Paepe, P., and Moens, L. (1986). 'Survey in the white marble quarries of Anatolia', Ara?t?rma Sonuçlar? Toplant?s? 4: 113–26.
Waelkens, M. (1990). 'Technique de carrière, préfaçonnage et ateliers dans les civilisation classiques (mondes grec et romain)', in M. Waelkens (ed.). Pierre éternelle du Nil au Rhin: carrières et prefabrication. Brussels: 53–73.
Waelkens, M., de Paepe, P., and Moens, L. (1990). 'The quarrying techniques of the Greek world', in M. True and J. Podany (eds). Marble: art historical and scientific perspectives on ancient sculpture. Malibu CA: 47–72.
Ward-Perkins, J. B. (1971). ‘Quarrying in antiquity: technology, tradition and social change’, Proceedings of the British Academy 57: 137–58.
Architectural/sculptural manuals:
Allen, E. (1990). Fundamentals of building construction: materials and methods. 2nd edition. New York NY.
Barker, S. J., and Russell, B. (2012). ‘Labour figures for Roman stone-working: pitfalls and potential’, in S. Camporeale, H. Dessales, and A. Pizzo (eds). Arqueología de la Construcción III. Los procesos constructivos en el mundo romano: la economía de las obras (Anejos de Archivo Español de Arqueologa 64). Madrid; Merida: 83–94.
Booth, M. L. (1860). The marble-workers' manual designed for the use of the marble-workers, builders, and owners of houses. New York NY.
Claudel, J. and Laroque, L. (1863). Pratique de l'art de construire. 3rd edition. Paris.
D’Elia, P. (1976). Le pietre naturali nelle costruzioni edilizie (Quaderni di studio (Università di Napoli. Istituto di architettura tecnica) 1). Naples.
Lambertie, R.-M. (1962). L'industrie de la pierre et du marbre. Paris.
Lee, A. (1888). Marble and marble workers: a handbook for architects, artists, masons, and students. London.
Martin, R. (1965). Manuel d'architecture grecque: matériaux et techniques (Collection des manuels d'archéologie et d'histoire de l'art). Paris.
Morisot, J. M. (1820-4). Tableaux détaillés des prix de tous les ouvrages de bâtiment, divisés suivant les différentes espèces de travaux et suivis d’un traité particulier pour chaque espèce, sur la manière de toiser ou mesurer les ouvrages, à l’usage des architectes, ingénieurs, vérificateurs, toiseurs et entrepreneurs de bâtimens, des propriétaires de maisons, et de tous ceux qui veulent faire bâtir. 2nd edition. 6 vols. Paris.
Pegoretti, G. (1863-4). Manuale pratico per l'estimazione dei lavori architettonici, stradali, idraulici e di fortificazione per uso degli ingegneri ed architetti. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Milan.
Ponza di San Martino, L. (1841). Prontuario di stima ad uso degli Ingegneri e degli architetti nella direzione de' lavori pubblici. Turin.
Purchase, W. R. (1903). Practical masonry: a guide to the art of stone cutting comprising the construction, setting-out, and working of stairs, circular work, arches, niches, domes, pendentives, vaults, tracery windows, etc., to which are added supplements relating to masonry estimating and quantity surveying and to building stones and a glossary of terms for the use of students, masons, and other workmen. 4th edition. London.
Renwick, W. G. (1909). Marble and marble working: a handbook for architects, sculptors, marble quarry owners and workers, and all Engaged in the building and decorative industries. New York NY.
Ricci, A. (1895). Manuale del marmista. 2nd edition. Milan.
Rondelet, J.-B. (1867). Traité théorique et pratique de l'art de bâtir. 3rd edition. 5 vols. Paris.
Salmojraghi, F. (1882). Sui materiali naturali per costruzioni e decorazioni edilizie. Milan.
Salmojraghi, F. (1892). Materiali naturali da costruzione: caratteri litologici, requisiti costruttivi, impieghi, estrazione, lavorazione, distribuzione in Italia. Milan.
Warland, E. G. (1953). Modern practical masonry. 2nd edition. London.
Workshops:
Bejor, G. (2011). 'Produzioni e scuole: uno sguardo alla questione', in F. D'Andria and I. Romeo (eds). Roman sculpture in Asia Minor: proceedings of the international conference to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Italian excavations at Hierapolis in Phrygia, held on May 24-26, 2007, in Cavallino (Lecce) (Journal of Roman Archaeology, supplementary series 80). Portsmouth RI: 30–6.
Bianchi, F., Bruno, M., Gorgoni, C., Pallante P., and Ponti, G. (2009). 'The pilasters of the Severan Basilica at Leptis Magna and the school of Aphrodisias: new archaeometric and archaeological data', in P. Jockey (ed.). Leukos lithos: marbres et autres roches de la Méditerranée antique: études interdisciplinaires: actes du VIIIe colloque international de l'Association for the study of marble and other stones used in antiquity (ASMOSIA) = interdisciplinary studies on Mediterranean ancient marble and stones: proceedings of the VIIth international conference of the association for the study of marble and other stones used in antiquity (ASMOSIA). Paris; Aix-en-Provence: 239–49.
Blagg, T. F. C. (1977). 'Schools of stonemasons in Roman Britain', in J. Munby and M. Henig (eds). Roman life and art in Britain: a celebration in honour of the eightieth birthday of Jocelyn Toynbee (British archaeological reports 41). 2 vols. Oxford 1: 51–73.
Favaretto, I. (1967-75). 'Sculture non finite e botteghe di scultura ad Aquileia', in Venetia: studi miscellanei di archeologia delle Venezie (Pubblicazioni dell’Istituto di archeologia dell’Università di Padova 3, 6, 9). 3 vols. Padova 2: 127–231.
Ferchiou, N. (1983). 'Un atelier itinérant de marbriers le long des côtes de Proconsulaire', Antiquités africaines 19: 75–84.
Goodlett, V. C. (1991). 'Rhodian sculpture workshops', American Journal of Archaeology 95: 669–81.
Harvey, A. St. C. (2008). ‘Carving in the center: evidence for an urban workshop on the Palatine Hill in Rome’, in G. Bühl, A. Cutler, and A. Effenberger (eds). Spätantike und byzantinische Elfenbeinbildwerke im Diskurs (Spätantike, frühes Christentum, Byzanz. Reihe B, Studien und Perspektiven 24). Wiesbaden: 249–70.
Heilmeyer, W.-D. (1986). 'Antike Kunst und Kunstproduktion-Werkstattforschung in der klassischen Archäologie', Jahrbuch preußischer Kulturbesitz 23: 95–124.
Heilmeyer, W.-D. (2004). 'Ancient workshops and ancient 'art'', Oxford journal of archaeology 23.4: 403–15.
Jockey, P. (1995). 'Unfinished sculpture and its workshops on Delos in the Hellenistic period', in Y. Maniatis, N. Herz, and Y. Basiakos (eds). The study of marble and other stones used in antiquity: association for the Study of Marble and Other Stones used in Antiquity. International Symposium (3rd: 1993: Athens, Greece).London: 87–93.
Pensabene, P. (2011). 'Su alcuni aspetti produttivi delle 'scuole' di scultura di Docimio, Afrodisia e Nicomedia', in F. D'Andria and I. Romeo (eds). Roman sculpture in Asia Minor: proceedings of the international conference to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Italian excavations at Hierapolis in Phrygia, held on May 24-26, 2007, in Cavallino (Lecce) (Journal of Roman Archaeology, supplementary series 80). Portsmouth RI: 37–61.
Phillips, E. J. (1976). 'A workshop of Roman sculptors at Carlisle', Britannia 7: 101–8.
Rockwell, P. (1991). 'Unfinished statuary associated with a sculptor’s studio', in R. R. R. Smith and K. Erim (eds). Aphrodisias papers 2: the theatre, a sculptor's workshop, philosophers and coin-types: including the papers given at the Third International Aphrodisias Colloquium held at New York University on 7 and 8 April 1989 (Journal of Roman Archaeology, supplementary series 2). Ann Arbor MI: 127–42.
Rockwell, P. (2008). 'The Sculptor's studio at Aphrodisias: the working methods and varieties of sculpture produced', in by Y. Z. Eliav, E. A. Friedland, and S. Herbert (eds). The sculptural environment of the Roman Near East: reflections on culture, ideology, and power (Interdisciplinary studies in ancient culture and religion 9) Leuven: 91–115.
Smith, R. R. R. (2011). 'Marble workshops at Aphrodisias', in F. D'Andria and I. Romeo (eds). Roman sculpture in Asia Minor: proceedings of the international conference to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Italian excavations at Hierapolis in Phrygia, held on May 24-26, 2007, in Cavallino (Lecce) (Journal of Roman Archaeology, supplementary series 80). Portsmouth RI: 62–76.
Squarciapino, M. (1943). La scuola di Afrodisia (Studi e materiali del Museo dell'Impero romano 3). Rome.
Squarciapino, M. (1983). 'La scuola di Afrodisias (40 anni dopo)', Archeologia classica 35: 74–87.
Waelkens, M. (1979). 'Ateliers lapidaries en Phrygie', in D. M. Pippidi (ed.). Actes du VIIe Congrès international d'épigraphie grecque et latine, Constantza, 9-15 septembre 1977. Bucharest: 105–28.
Wilson, A. I. (2008). 'Large-scale manufacturing, standardization, and trade', in J. P. Oleson (ed.). The Oxford handbook of engineering and technology in the classical world. Oxford: 393–417.
Craftsmen and artists:
Blagg, T. F. C. (1987). 'Society and the artist', in J. Wacher (ed.). The Roman world. 2 vols. London; New York NY 2:717–46.
Burford, A. (1972). Craftsmen in Greek and Roman society. London.
Calabi Limentani, I. (1958). Studi sulla società romana: il lavoro artistico (Biblioteca storica universitaria serie 2, 9). Milan.
Coldstream, N. (1991). Masons and sculptors (Medieval craftsmen). London.
Conlin, D. A. (1997). The artists of the Ara Pacis: the process of Hellenization in Roman relief sculpture. Chapel Hill NC.
Cornell, T. J. (1987). 'Artists and patrons', in T. Cornell, M. Crawford, and J. North (eds). Art and production in the world of the Caesars. Milan: 17–35.
Duthoy-Frel, F. (1993). 'Modèles et sculpteurs à l’époque romaine: deux exemples', Xenia antiqua 2: 87–94.
Klapish-Zuber, G. (1969). Les maîtres du marbre: Carrare, 1300-1600 (École pratique des hautes études - 6e section, centre de recherches historiques: ports, routes, traffics 25). Paris.
Kleiner, F. S. (1977). 'Artists in the Roman world. An itinerant workshop in Augustan Gaul', Mélanges de l’École française de Rome. Antiquité 89.2: 661–96.
Knoop, D. and Jones, G. P. (1967). The mediaeval mason: an economic history of English stone building in the later Middle Ages and early modern times. 3rd edition. Manchester.
Mossé, C. (1969). The ancient world at work (Ancient culture and society). London.
Roueché, C. and Erim, K. (1982). 'Sculptors from Aphrodisias: some new inscriptions', Papers of the British School at Rome 50: 102–15.
Toynbee, J. M. C. (1949). 'Some notes on artists in the Roman world', Latomus 8: 307–16.
Toynbee, J. M. C. (1951). Some notes on artists in the Roman world (Collection Latomus 6). Brussels.
Images of carving:
Adam, J.-P. and Varène, P. (1980). 'Une peinture romaine représentant une scène de chantier', Revue archéologique 2: 213–38.
Bouras, C. (2009). 'La circulation des pierres et le port d'Éphèse', in P. Jockey (ed.). Leukos lithos: marbres et autres roches de la Méditerranée antique: études interdisciplinaires: actes du VIIIe colloque international de l'Association for the study of marble and other stones used in antiquity (ASMOSIA) = interdisciplinary studies on Mediterranean ancient marble and stones: proceedings of the VIIth international conference of the association for the study of marble and other stones used in antiquity (ASMOSIA). Paris; Aix-en-Provence: 495–501.
Starac, A. (2007). ‘A marble slab with relief of a stonemason’, Marmora 3: 135–6.
Zimmer, G. (1982). Römische Berufsdarstellungen (Archäologische Forschungen 12). Berlin.
Stone trade/industry (selection only):
Barker, S. J. (2012). ‘Roman marble salvaging’, in A. Gutiérrez, P. Lapuente, P., and I. Rodà (eds). Interdisciplinary studies on ancient stone. ASMOSIA IX (Documenta 23). Tarragona: 22–30.
Behn, F. (1926). Steinindustrie des Altertums (Kulturgeschichtliche Wegweiser durch das Römisch-Germanische Central-Museum 10). Mainz.
Dodge, H. and Ward-Perkins, B. (eds) (1992). Marble in antiquity: the collected papers of J. B. Ward-Perkins. (Archaeological monographs of the British School at Rome 6). London.
Dolci, E. (1989). 'Il marmo nel mondo romano: note sulla produzione e il commercio', in E. Dolci (ed.).Il marmo nella civiltà romana: la produzione e il commercio: mostra/seminario, Museo del Marmo, Carrara, maggio-giugno 1989: atti del seminario. Carrara: 11–53.
Hirt, A. M. (2010). Imperial mines and quarries in the Roman world: organizational aspects, 27 BC–AD 235 (Oxford classical monographs). Oxford.
Lazzarini, L. (2004). ‘La diffusione e il riuso dei piú importanti marmi romani nelle province imperiali’, in L. Lazzarini (ed.). Pietre e marmi antichi. Natura, caratterizzazione, origine, storia d'uso, diffusione, collezionismo. Padua: 101–22.
Pensabene, P. (1983). 'Osservazioni sulla diffusione dei marmi e sul loro prezzo nella Roma imperiale', Dialoghi di archeologia, 3rd series, 1: 55–63.
Russell, B. (2011). ‘Lapis transmarinus: stone-carrying ships and the maritime distribution of stone in the Roman Empire’, in Maritime archaeology and ancient trade in the Mediterranean (Oxford Centre for Maritime Archaeology 6). Oxford: 139–55.
Russell, B. (2013). ‘Roman and Late Antique shipwrecks with stone cargoes: a new inventory’, Journal of Roman Archaeology 26.
Russell, B. (in press). The economics of the Roman stone trade (Oxford studies on the Roman economy) Oxford.
Ward-Perkins, J. B. (1980). 'Nicomedia and the marble trade', Papers of the British School at Rome 48: 23–69.
Ward-Perkins, J. B. (1980). 'The marble trade and its organization: evidence from Nicomedia', in J. H. D’Arms and E. C. Kopff (eds). The seaborne commerce of ancient Rome: studies in archaeology and history (Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome 36). Rome: 325–36.
Stone types (selection only):
Attanasio, D. (2003). Ancient white marbles: analysis and identification by paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (Studia archaeologica ("Erma" di Bretschneider) 122). Rome.
Borghini, G. (1989). Marmi antichi (Materiali della cultura artistica 1). Rome.
Gnoli, R. (1988). Marmora romana. 2nd edition. Rome.
Jackson, M. and Marra, F. (2006). 'Roman stone masonry: volcanic foundations of the ancient city', American Journal of Archaeology 110.3: 403–36.
Lazzarini, L. (ed.) (2004). Pietre e marmi antichi. Natura, caratterizzazione, origine, storia d'uso, diffusione, collezionismo. Padua.
Monna, D. and Pensabene, P. (1977). Marmi dell’Asia Minore. Rome.
Monna, D., Pensabene, P., and Sodini J. O. (1985). 'L'identification des marbres: sa nécessité, ses méthodes, ses limites', in P. Pensabene (ed.). Marmi antichi: problemi d’impiego, di restauro e d’identificazione (Studi miscellanei 26). Rome: 15–34.
Peacock, D. P. S. (1994). 'Roman stones', Journal of Roman Archaeology 7: 361–3.
Shadmon, A. (1989). Stone: an introduction. London.
Polychromy:
Bradley, M. (2009a). Colour and meaning in ancient Rome. Cambridge.
Bradley, M. (2009b). ‘The importance of colour on ancient sculpture’, Art history 32.3: 427–57.
Brinkmann, V, Primavesi, O., and Hollein, M. (eds) (2010). Circumlitio: the polychromy of ancient and medieval sculpture (Schriftenreihe der Liebieghaus Skulpturensammlung, Frankfurt am Main). Munich.
Brinkmann, V., and Scholl, A. (eds) (2011). Bunte Götter: die Farbigkeit antiker Skulptur; eine Ausstellung der Staatlichen Antikensammlungen und Glyptothek München in Zusammenarbeit mit der Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek Kopenhagen und den Vatikanischen Museen, Rom; Glyptothek München, Königsplatz, 16. Dezember 2003 bis 29. Februar 2004. Munich.
Liverani, P. (ed.) (2004). I colori del bianco: policromia nella scultura antica (Collana di studi e documentazione (De Luca editori d'arte) 1). Rome.
Skovmøller, A. and Therkildsen, R. H. (2011). ‘On the high gloss polish of Roman sculpture’, Tracking colour: the polychromy of Greek and Roman sculpture in the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek. Preliminary Report 3: 35–46.
Spada, S. (2004). ‘Restauro e ricostruzione della policromia dell’Augusto di Prima Porta’, in P. Liverani (ed.). I colori del bianco: policromia nella scultura antica (Collana di studi e documentazione (De Luca editori d'arte) 1). Rome: 249–52.
Therkildsen, R. H. (2012). ‘A 2nd century CE colossal marble head of a woman: a case study in Roman sculptural polychromy’, Tracking colour: the polychromy of Greek and Roman sculpture in the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek. Preliminary report 4: 45–63.
Verri, G., Opper, T., and Deviese, T. (2010). ‘The ‘Treu’ head: a case study in Roman polychromy’, British Museum Technical Research Bulletin 4: 39–53.
Zink, S. (2009). ‘Haec aurea templa: the Palatine Temple of Apollo and its polychromy’, Journal of Roman Archaeology 22: 109–22.
Miscellaneous:
Grasby, R. D. (1996). ‘A comparative study of five Latin inscriptions: measurement and making’, Papers of the British School at Rome 64, new series 51: 95–138.
Grasby, R. D. (2002). ‘Latin inscriptions: studies in measurement and making’, Papers of the British School at Rome 70, new series 57: 151–76.
Grasby, R. D. (2009). Processes in the making of Roman inscriptions: introduction to the studies. Oxford.
Hester, T. R. and Heinze, R. E. (1981). Making stone vases: ethnoarchaeological studies at an alabaster workshop in Upper Egypt (Monographic journals of the Near East. Occasional papers on the Near East 1.2). Malibu CA.
Holt, E. G. (1957). A documentary history of art. Volume I: the Middle ages and the Renaissance. New York NY.
Kirby, R. S., Withington, S., Darling, A. B., and Kilgour, F. G. (1990). Engineering in history. 2nd edition. New York NY.
Mannoni, T. (2007). 'The transmission of craft techniques according to the principles of material culture: continuity and rupture', in L. Lavan, E. Zanini and A. Sarantis (eds). Technology in transition, AD 300-650 (Late antique archaeology 4). Leiden; Boston MA: xli–lx.
Mattusch, C. C. (1995). 'Two bronze herms: questions of mass production in antiquity', Art Journal 54.2: 53–9.
Pettinau, B. (1983). 'Prezzi di marmi preziosi e tariffe dei lavori da muratori: 1805', Xenia 6: 87–99.
Roux, G. (1966). 'Les comptes du IVe siècle et la reconstruction du temple d'Apollon à Delphes', Revue archéologique: 245–96.